Insights

Notes on protection practice.

Practical articles on settings, logic and modernization — for engineers and for the people who manage protection systems.

Calculation 6 Oct 2026

Grading margins explained: where 0.3 seconds comes from

The time margin between two overcurrent relays is built from physical quantities — breaker time, overshoot, relay and CT errors. Here is how it is assembled, and why one margin at one current is not a coordination study.

6 min read

Logic 22 Sept 2026

Hardwired or GOOSE? Designing breaker-failure logic for the digital substation

Breaker-failure protection acts when everything else has already gone wrong. How its timers are reasoned about — and what changes when the trip signal travels over the station network.

7 min read

Modernization 8 Sept 2026

Five signs your protection system is due for modernization

Aging protection rarely fails loudly. These are the quieter signals that it may be time to plan an upgrade — and to assess it properly first.

5 min read

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